Hairy Cell Leukaemia

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What is Hairy Cell Leukaemia?

Hairy Cell Leukaemia arises from cells located in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue located in the centre of most long bones and is responsible for the production of the cellular components of blood; namely white cells, red cells and platelets.

Lymphoblasts and myeloblasts are found in the bone marrow and are normal "immature" (precursor) cells of white and red blood cells. The development of these lymphoblasts is influenced by many factors within the body (endogenous factors) such as proteins and cytokines to differentiate into mature white and red blood cells.

Leukaemia occurs when there is abnormally high production (proliferation) of lymphoblasts and myeloblasts in the bone marrow.

It may secondarily affect the blood, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, bones, joints, central nervous system, testes and skin.

Who gets Hairy Cell Leukaemia?

Hairy cell leukaemia is rare and accounts for approximately 2% of all leukaemias. It occurs mostly in males with a ratio of 6:1. Most patients diagnosed are above the age of 45 and the peak incidence occurs between the fifth and sixth decades.

Predisposing Factors

No clear predisposing factors for this disease have been established. There has been the occasional report of recurrence within a family, however, this is rare.

Progression

Hairy cell leukaemia leads to gradual infiltration of the bone marrow and spleen by the abnormal cells. This can lead to bone marrow failure and an enlarged spleen.

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